ABSTRACT

The protection of civilians and civilian objects in armed conflicts is a critical component of international humanitarian law (IHL). This doctrinal study assesses the legal framework for the protection of civilians and civilian objects in armed conflicts in Cameroon. The study examines the implementation and effectiveness of both national and international legal instruments aimed at ensuring civilian protection. Key international laws such as the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are analyzed to understand how they are applied within Cameroon’s legal system. Cameroon’s domestic legal instruments, including the Constitution and specific military codes, are also examined to assess their compatibility with IHL.

The study identifies the challenges faced in the enforcement of laws protecting civilians and civilian objects during armed conflicts in Cameroon. These challenges include inadequate legal mechanisms, weak enforcement structures, and the ongoing Anglophone crisis, which has led to significant violations of civilian rights. By examining case studies from the Anglophone regions, this study highlights the gap between the legal provisions and their practical application. The conflict in these regions has demonstrated the failure of both state and non-state actors to fully respect the principles of distinction and proportionality, which are crucial for the protection of civilians and civilian objects.

In addition to analyzing the legal instruments, this study explores the role of international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in advocating for better civilian protection during armed conflicts in Cameroon. Their contributions to the legal and humanitarian landscape are reviewed to assess the effectiveness of their efforts. The study also critiques the lack of accountability for violations of civilian protection laws, noting the absence of effective judicial remedies for victims.

This doctrinal study concludes by proposing recommendations for improving the protection of civilians and civilian objects in Cameroon. It suggests strengthening legal enforcement mechanisms, increasing training for military personnel on IHL, and fostering better collaboration between the government, international bodies, and civil society. The study also calls for enhanced judicial processes to hold perpetrators accountable for violations of IHL. By addressing these gaps, Cameroon can ensure better compliance with international and national laws aimed at protecting civilians and civilian objects during armed conflicts.

Keywords: International humanitarian law, civilian protection, armed conflict, Cameroon, Geneva Conventions, Anglophone crisis, legal enforcement, military codes, accountability.