CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Adolescence is a transformative period characterized by rapid growth and development, during which individuals establish patterns of behavior that often persist into adulthood (Steinberg, 2014). This age group is particularly susceptible to adopting dietary habits that can influence long-term health outcomes. The consumption of sweetened beverages (SBs) has surged over the past few decades, with adolescents consuming these drinks at alarming rates. SBs, which include sodas, fruit drinks, energy drinks, and sweetened teas, contribute significantly to excessive caloric intake while providing little to no nutritional value (Malik et al., 2010).  Epidemiological studies have identified a strong correlation between increased SSB consumption and rising obesity rates among both adolescents and children (Ogden et al., 2020). According to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the percentage of adolescents aged 12-19 years who are classified as obese has more than tripled since the 1970s, reflecting broader trends in obesity and metabolic syndrome (Ogden et al., 2020). Importantly, SBs are a major contributor to this rise, providing substantial amounts of added sugars that can lead to energy imbalances (Hu, 2013).

The concern is compounded by the ongoing proliferation of marketing strategies that target adolescents, leveraging social media, celebrity endorsements, and branding that appeal specifically to their preferences and lifestyles (Schwartz et al., 2015). As adolescents are often influenced by peer behaviors and social norms, the consumption of SBs may become not only a dietary choice but also a social activity that reinforces group identity. Moreover, environmental factors such as the accessibility and affordability of SBs further exacerbate this issue, making it easier for adolescents to make unhealthy choices (Gordon-Larsen et al., 2010). Sweetened beverages (SBs) are a significant source of added sugars in the diet of adolescents. These beverages include sodas, fruit drinks, energy drinks, and sports drinks, which are often consumed in large quantities due to their palatable taste and widespread availability. The consumption of SBs has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (Malik, Schulze, & Hu, 2006).

Obesity is a major public health concern, particularly among adolescents, as it can lead to numerous health complications and increase the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. The prevalence of obesity has been rising globally, and dietary factors, such as the consumption of SBs, have been identified as key contributors to this trend (World Health Organization, 2016). Despite efforts to promote healthier dietary habits, the consumption of SBs remains high among adolescents. This research seeks to understand the extent to which SBs contribute to obesity in adolescents and to identify effective strategies for reducing their consumption. Overall, the growing body of literature highlights the urgent need to understand the multifaceted roles that SBs play in influencing dietary habits and contributing to obesity. Understanding these dynamics is critical not only for developing effective interventions but also for fostering a healthier generation of adolescents.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Adolescent obesity is a growing public health concern, shaped by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Among these, sweetened beverages (SBs) have emerged as a significant contributor to excessive caloric intake, leading to weight gain and associated health risks. Despite clear evidence linking SB consumption to obesity, many adolescents remain unaware of its long-term consequences, often viewing these beverages as harmless refreshments rather than contributors to metabolic imbalances.  Social influences such as peer pressure, aggressive marketing strategies, and the accessibility of SBs further reinforce unhealthy consumption patterns, making dietary choices more challenging for adolescents. Public health interventions, including sugar taxes and awareness campaigns, have been introduced to mitigate this trend, but their effectiveness remains inconsistent across different communities. Additionally, disparities in socioeconomic status impact access to healthier food alternatives, exacerbating the issue among lower-income populations. This study seeks to address existing knowledge gaps by examining the specific behavioral and environmental factors that drive SB consumption among adolescents. A deeper understanding of these dynamics will inform targeted interventions aimed at promoting healthier dietary habits and reducing obesity rates within this age group. 

1.3 Research Questions

1.3.1 Main research question

• The main research question of this finding is, what is the effect of sweetened beverages consumption by obsessed adolescents: University of Bamenda?

1.3.1 Specific research questions

• What is the effect of sweetened beverages consumption by obsessed adolescents?
• What are factors influencing sweetened beverages consumption by obsessed adolescents?
• What are the most commonly consumed beverages?

1.4 Research Objectives

1.4.1 Main Objective

The main objective of this study is to contribute in creating awareness about the contributing factors to obesity by assessing the correlation and relationship between the consumption of Sweetened Beverages by adolescent (University of Bamenda), and their contributions to obesity in adolescent.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

• To examine the correlation between obesity and consumption of sweetened beverages by adolescent.
• To identify factors influencing sweetened beverage consump by adolescent
• To identify the most commonly consumed beverages