CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Backgrounds

Public transportation plays a crucial role in enhancing urban mobility, especially in rapidly growing cities like Buea. The effectiveness and accessibility of public transport systems significantly influence urban development, environmental sustainability, and social equity. Researchers such as Cevaro (2017), Gehel (2019), and Pitman (2021) have explored the impact of public transport on urban mobility across various global contexts. Cevaro (2017) highlighted the importance of public transport accessibility in countries like

Japan, Germany, and Brazil. In Japan, approximately 60% of urban commuters rely on public transport, showcasing a well-integrated system that promotes efficient mobility. Germany follows closely with about 45% usage, reflecting its robust public transport infrastructure. Brazil, with around 30% of its urban population utilizing public transport, demonstrates the ongoing challenges and improvements in its urban mobility landscape.

Gehel (2019) examined public transportation in urban mobility landscape.Gehel (2019) examined public transportation in countries such as France, South Korea, and the United States. In France, approximately 40% of urban residents use public transport, benefiting from a comprehensive network. South Korea boasts a higher percentage, with about 50% of its urban population relying on public transit, driven by advanced technology and efficient service. The United States, while lower at around 20%, presents a diverse range of public transport systems, illustrating varying levels of accessibility across regions.

Pitman (2021) focused on the impact of public transportation in cities within India, Canada, and Australia. In India, around 30% of urban dwellers use public transport, largely due to the high population density and economic factors. Canada enjoys a higher rate of approximately 25%, with cities like Toronto leading in public transport usage. Australia, with around 22%, reflects the ongoing efforts to enhance urban mobility through improved transport options.

This introduction sets the stage for a deeper exploration of how public transportation influences urban mobility in Buea, drawing on global examples and scholarly insights to understand its implications in a local context.  Public transportation is a pivotal factor in enhancing urban mobility, particularly in African cities like Buea. The accessibility and efficiency of public transport systems significantly affect urban development, economic growth, and social inclusion. Scholars such as Venter et al. (2017), Mwaura (2020), Abubakar et al. (2019), and Kumar and Bhatia (2018) have investigated the dynamics of public transportation in various African contexts.

Venter et al. (2017) conducted a comparative analysis of public transport accessibility in African cities, highlighting examples from South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria. In South Africa, approximately 40% of urban residents utilize public transport, benefiting from a relatively developed system. Kenya sees about 30% usage, primarily through matatus (shared taxis) that provide key mobility options. Nigeria, with around 25% of its urban population relying on public transport, illustrates significant challenges related to congestion and service quality.Mwaura (2020) explored the challenges and opportunities in urban public transport across. Africa, focusing on countries like Uganda, Ghana, and Ethiopia. In Uganda, around 35% of urban commuters use public transport, largely through boda-bodas (motorcycle taxis) and buses. Ghana shows a public transport usage rate of about 28%, with tro-tros (shared minibuses) playing a critical role. Ethiopia stands at approximately 32%, benefiting from a growing network of buses and light rail.

Abubakar et al. (2019) provided an overview of public transport trends in African cities, citing examples from Tanzania, Zambia, and Morocco. In Tanzania, about 30% of urban residents use public transport, predominantly through daladalas (minibuses). Zambia has a usage rate of around 25%, with challenges in service reliability.

Morocco, however, boasts a higher percentage of roughly 40%, supported by a well-organized bus and tram network in cities like Casablanca. Kumar and Bhatia (2018) focused on improving public transport systems in African urban areas, examining countries such as Senegal, Namibia, and Egypt. In Senegal, approximately 30% of urban commuters utilize public transport, while Namibia sees about 20% usages, with ongoing efforts to enhance services. Egypt leads with approximately 50% of its urban population relyingon public transport, thanks to a comprehensive metro system and extensive bus services. This introduction underscores the importance of public transportation in shaping urban mobility in Buea, drawing upon diverse examples and research to highlight the critical need for accessible and efficient transport systems.

Public transportation plays a crucial role in enhancing urban mobility, particularly in rapidly growing cities like Buea, Cameroon. As urban populations swell, the demand for efficient and accessible transport systems becomes increasingly vital. According to the World Bank, public transport usage in cities across Cameroon has seen significant growth, with about 30% of the population relying on it as their primary means of transport in urban areas as of 2021.Cities like Douala and Yaoundé have implemented various public transport initiatives, including bus rapid transit systems and shared taxis, to address mobility challenges. These initiatives illustrate the potential for public transportation to alleviate traffic congestion and reduce carbon footprints. Moreover, studies by researchers such as M. N. Ndjodo and S. A. Nchinda (2020) highlight the socioeconomic benefits of accessible public transportation, which can lead to greater employment opportunities and improved quality Cities like Douala and Yaoundé have implemented various public transport initiatives, including bus rapid transit systems and shared taxis, to address mobility challenges. These initiatives illustrate the potential for public transportation to alleviate traffic congestion and reduce carbon footprints. Moreover, studies by researchers such as M. N. Ndjodo and S. A. Nchinda (2020) highlight the socioeconomic benefits of accessible public transportation, which can lead to greater employment opportunities and improved quality of life.

In Buea, the development of public transport is essential for facilitating movement not only for residents but also for the growing number In Buea, the development of public transport is essential for facilitating movement not only for residents but also for the growing number of tourists attracted to its scenic landscapes. As such, understanding the impact of public transportation on urban mobility in Buea is crucial for urban planners and policymakers aiming to create sustainable cities.

1.2 Problem Statement

In Buea, the capital of the South West Region of Cameroon, the rapid urbanization and population growth have led to increasing challenges concerning urban mobility. Despite the availability of various public transportation options, including buses and taxis, residents face significant issues such as traffic congestion, inconsistent service quality, and limited accessibility. These challenges hinder the efficient movement of people and goods, contributing to longer commute times, increased pollution, and reduced overall quality of life.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the current public transportation system in Buea and its impact on urban mobility. It will explore how public transportation affects accessibility, travel patterns, and the socio-economic dynamics of the urban population. The findings will provide insights into potential improvements needed to enhance public transportation services, thereby promoting sustainable urban mobility in Buea. This problem statement outlines the context, identifies key issues, and highlights the significance of the study in addressing urban mobility challenges.

1.3 Research Questions

1.3.1 Main Research Questions

What are the key factors contributing to the inadequacy of public transportation infrastructure in Buea?

1.3.2 Specific Research Questions 

• How does public transportation hinder access to individual destination for different demographics group in Buea
• How can public transportation system in Buea be improved to meet the need of a growing population?

1.4 Research Objectives

1.4.1 Main Research Objective

• To assess the impact of public transportation on the overall quality of urban mobility.

1.4.2. Specific Research Objectives.

• To analyze how public transportation hinders access to individual destination for different demographics groups In Buea .
• To examine how public transportation systems in Buea be improved to meet up the needs of a growing population.