CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides evolution of the concept of IDPs in the background to the study, discusses the problem that necessitated the research, the methodology employed, the objectives to be achieved and the significance and justification for the study, amongst others.

• BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Internally displaced persons are mostly seen as a result of armed conflicts. Armed conflict is defined as any organized dispute that involves the use of weapons, violence, or force, whether within national borders or beyond them, and whether involving state actors or nongovernment entities.‍ Examples include international wars, civil wars and conflicts between other types of groups. The definition of  internally  displaced persons (IDPs) most commonly used comes from the United Nation’s (UN) Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. The Guiding Principles define IDPs as “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border.”( Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.l, February 11. New York: United Nations).

The effects of armed conflicts are both direct and indirect and are associated with immediate and long-term harm. The direct effects of conflict include death, physical and psychological trauma, and displacement. Indirect effects are related to a large number of factors, including inadequate and unsafe living conditions, environmental hazards, caregiver mental health, separation from family, displacement-related health risks, and the destruction of health, public health, education, and economic infrastructure.

Unlike refugees who cross national borders and benefit from an established system of international protection and assistance, those forcibly uprooted within their own countries, by armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights, or natural disasters, lack predictable structures of support. There are currently 25 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) worldwide in at least 50 countries. No continent has been spared. Internal displacement has become one of the more pressing humanitarian, human rights and security problems confronting the international community (Rodolfo Arango, 2009).

Protection “involves using the law to secure the rights, the security and the welfare of persons.”( Goodwin-Gill,1989).

In  the  case  of  IDPs,  however,  there  is  no  international  legal  instrument  specific  to their plight, which defines the nature and content of protection for them.  For refugees, a body of law  specific  to  their  situation  provides  the  basis  for  their  protection.   Although  refugee  law cannot be applied directly to IDPs, by virtue of its focus on persons who have been displaced (albeit  across  a  border),  it  nonetheless  can  contribute  to  defining,  by  analogy,  the  nature  and content  of  protection  for  IDPs.   For civilian victims of conflict, there is the Fourth Geneva Convention and its Additional Protocols which, though not defining the term “protection” per se, set out guarantees indicating its meaning in situations of armed conflict. Protection under these circumstances, the International Committee of the Red Cross explains, entails “preserving victims of conflict who are in the hands of an  adverse  authority  from  the  dangers,  sufferings  and  abuses  of  power  to  which  they  may  be exposed, defending them and giving them support.”

While the frequent occurrence of internal displacement  in  the  context  of  armed  conflict  makes  the  protection  provided  by  international humanitarian  law  particularly  relevant,  this  legal  standard  does  not  necessarily  apply  in  all situations of internal displacement. The protection provided by human rights law, by contrast, remains relevant in all cases of internal displacement, with IDPs being entitled to enjoy, in full equality,  the  same  rights  and  freedoms  under  domestic  and  international  law  as  the  rest  of  a country’s citizens.

The Guiding  Principles  on  Internal  Displacement represent  the  first  attempt  to  articulate  what protection  should  mean  for  the  internally  displaced.   The Principles identify the rights and guarantees relevant to the protection of IDPs in all phases of displacement: providing protection against arbitrary displacement; protection and assistance during displacement; and providing for safe return or resettlement and reintegration. Protection as elaborated in the Guiding Principles also is comprehensive in scope, covering not only needs for physical security and safety but the broad range of rights provided for in international law (including the right to food, to education and to employment, for instance) which, by virtue of their nature as rights, also falls within the meaning of protection.

In the case of children internally displaced, Article 38 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child is to the effect that “States Parties must undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of international humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are relevant to the child. States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities. States Parties shall refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained the age of eighteen years, States Parties shall endeavour to give priority to those who are oldest.”

This therefore means that, the principles and provisions to protect internally displaced persons including children in armed conflict are laid out in The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the Geneva conventions (1949) and their additional Protocols (1977), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and its Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict (2000), and the Rome Statute (1998) of the International Criminal Court.

1.2            STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Protection  problems  are  endemic  to  the  plight  of  internally  displaced  persons  (IDPs),  arising  not  only  as  a  cause  of  flight  but  also  often  during  displacement  and  in  the  search  for durable solutions.  Yet,  the  international  response  has  tended  to  focus  on  assistance,  with  less attention  to  protection  concerns.   This  is  true  both  in  the  field  as  well  as  at  the  Headquarters  level. Part of the problem exists at the conceptual level, as the meaning of protection for IDPs has not yet been fully determined by the international community.

International humanitarian law provides broad protection for vulnerable persons like internally displaced persons. In the event of armed conflict, either international or non-international, internally displaced persons benefit from the general protection provided for civilians not taking part in the hostilities. Non-combatant civilians are guaranteed humane treatment and covered by the legal provisions on the conduct of hostilities. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 lay down a series of rules according them special protection

Despite many international human rights and humanitarian provisions for the protection of internally displaced persons in armed conflict, the sobering and often shocking reality is that these persons are still too often the victim of grave violations of their rights.

In current armed conflicts like the Anglophone war in Cameroon, schools are targeted by armed forces and armed groups, including forced recruitment and forced closure. Women are being raped and tortured and so on. The shocking reality is that atrocities committed against vulnerable persons like internally displaced persons during armed conflict go far beyond our imagination.

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.3.1 MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the challenges faced by Internally Displaced Persons in during armed conflicts in Cameroon?

1.3.2 SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the concept of Internally Displaced Persons in Cameroon?
2. Are there institutions for the protection of the Rights of Internally Displaced Persons in Cameroon?
3. What are the challenges faced by Internally Displaced Persons in Cameroon?
4. Are there policy recommendations for a better protection of internally displaced persons in Cameroon?

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study include general and specific objectives:

1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

The general objective of the research is to examine the challenges fsaced by Internally Displaced Persons in during armed conflicts in Cameroon.

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of the study are;

1. To examine the concept of Internally Displaced Persons in Cameroon.
2. To examine the institutions for the protection of internally Displaced Persons in  during armed conflicts Cameroon.
3. To critically examine the challenges faced by Internally Displaced Persons in Cameroon.
4. To propose policy recommendations for a better protection of internally displaced persons in Cameroon.