CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background to the Study

Globalization has revolutionized the way the world operates, connecting economies, cultures, and societies across the globe (Stiglitz, 2002). As a result, the need for efficient and effective transportation systems has become increasingly important. Transportation infrastructure plays a critical role in facilitating the movement of goods, services and people, thereby driving economic growth, poverty reduction and social development (World Bank, 2019). The rapid growth of international trade and commerce has led to an unprecedented increase in the demand for transportation services (Hummers, 2007). As countries become more integrated into the global economy, they require modern and efficient transportation systems to compete effectively in the global market. Transportation infrastructure is the a critical component of a country’s economic infrastructure.  It plays a key role in facilitating the movement of goods, services and people, thereby driving economic growth and development.

According to the World Bank (2019), every dollar invested in transportation infrastructure generates approximately three dollars in economic returns . Transportation infrastructure also plays a critical role in poverty reduction (African Development Bank, 2020). By providing access to markets, employment opportunities and social services, transportation infrastructure can help to reduce poverty and improve living standards. Transportation infrastructure is one of the most critical factors in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations, 2015). Transportation infrastructure also has a significant impact on social development (World Health Organization, 2018). By providing access to education, healthcare, and other social services, transportation infrastructure can help to improve health outcomes, education outcomes, and overall quality of life.

Developed countries have well-established public transportation systems that provide reliable and accessible services to citizens. For instance, countries like Japan, Germany, and Switzerland have invested heavily in transportation infrastructure, including high-speed rail networks and efficient public transportation systems, which has facilitated economic growth and social development (World Bank, 2019). Advanced public transportation systems, including buses, trains, and subways, are often integrated and efficient, making it easy for people to move around cities and towns. For example, cities like Tokyo, New York, and London have comprehensive subway systems that are renowned for their efficiency and reliability. In addition to investing in infrastructure, developed countries like Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands are promoting sustainable transportation options, such as cycling and walking, by investing in infrastructure and implementing policies to encourage their use (United Nations, 2019). Technological integration is also a key feature of developed countries’ transportation systems, with real-time information systems, smart traffic management, and contactless payment systems improving efficiency and convenience. For example, countries like Singapore and South Korea have implemented smart transportation systems that utilize data analytics and artificial intelligence to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion (International Telecommunication Union, 2019).

Despite these advancements, developed countries still face challenges related to aging infrastructure, which requires maintenance and upgrading to ensure continued efficiency and safety. For instance, the United States has struggled with aging infrastructure, and efforts have been made to invest in infrastructure development and maintenance (World Bank, 2019). Environmental concerns, including greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, are also a major issue, and developed countries like Norway and Canada are working to reduce the environmental impact of transportation by promoting sustainable transportation options and investing in cleaner technologies (World Health Organization, 2018).

 Many developing countries face significant challenges in developing and maintaining their transportation infrastructure (Asian Development Bank, 2019). These challenges include inadequate funding, lack of technical capacity and limited institutional framework. International organizations, such as the World Bank the Asian Development Bank, and the African Development Bank, play a critical role in supporting transportation infrastructure development in developing countries (World Bank, 2019). These organizations provide financing, technical assistance, and capacity-building support to help developing countries develop and maintain their transportation infrastructure. However, the transportation sector in developing countries is often characterized by inadequate infrastructure, inefficient services, and high levels of congestion, which can hinder economic growth, increase poverty, and exacerbate social inequality (World Health Organization, 2018). Many developing countries have inadequate roads, highways, and public transportation systems, making it difficult to move people and goods across the country (World Bank, 2019).

In addition, public transportation services in many developing countries are often inefficient, unreliable, and unaffordable, making it difficult for people to access employment, education, and other essential services (International Labour Organization, 2019). Traffic congestion is a major problem in many developing countries, particularly in urban areas, where it can lead to increased travel times, frustration, and safety risks (World Health Organization, 2018). Furthermore, many people in developing countries have limited access to transportation, particularly in rural areas, where public transportation services are often scarce or non-existent (United Nations, 2019). Road traffic accidents are a major public health concern in developing countries, resulting in an estimated 1.35 million deaths and 50 million injuries annually (World Health Organization, 2018). The transportation sector in developing countries varies significantly across regions, with Asia having a high level of road density, Africa having the lowest road density in the world, and Latin America having a relatively high level of road density (World Bank, 2019). The global trends that are influencing the transportation sector in developing countries include urbanization, which is driving the demand for transportation services and infrastructure (United Nations, 2019), climate change, which is having a significant impact on the transportation sector in developing countries (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019) and digitalization, which is transforming the transportation sector in developing countries and improving access to transportation services (International Telecommunication Union, 2019). Overall, the transportation sector in developing countries is a critical component of the national infrastructure, facilitating the movement of people, goods, and services across the country, but it is often plagued by inadequate infrastructure, inefficient services, and high levels of congestion, which can hinder economic growth, increase poverty, and exacerbate social inequality. Addressing these challenges is essential to promote sustainable economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection in developing countries.

The situation of public transportation mobility means in African countries is complex,  many African countries are investing in transportation infrastructure development, such as roads, railways, and public transportation systems, which can facilitate economic growth and social development (African Development Bank, 2020; World Bank, 2019). Some African countries are adopting innovative transportation solutions, such as digital payment systems and ride-hailing apps, to improve efficiency and accessibility (International Telecommunication Union, 2019). On the other hand, inadequate infrastructure, inefficient services and safety concerns are significant challenges. Many African countries have inadequate roads, highways, and public transportation systems, which can hinder economic growth and social development (World Bank, 2019). Public transportation services are often inefficient, unreliable, and unaffordable, making it difficult for people to access essential services (International Labour Organization, 2019). Road traffic accidents are a major public health concern in Africa, resulting in significant loss of life and injury (World Health Organization, 2018). Limited accessibility, particularly in rural areas, is another major challenge, where public transportation services are often scarce or non-existent (United Nations, 2019).

Bamenda, the capital of the North West Region of Cameroon, is a city with a rich cultural heritage and a growing economy. Located in the highlands of western Cameroon, Bamenda is a hub for trade, commerce, and industry (Hummers, 2007). The city’s population has been growing rapidly in recent years, driven by urbanization and economic opportunities. According to Hummers 2007 Bamenda with a  population of over 300,000 people, Bamenda is one of the largest cities in Cameroon and a major economic center in the region. The city’s transportation system is a critical component of its economy and daily life. The city has a number of roads, highways, and public transportation systems that connect it to other cities and towns in the region. However, the transportation system in Bamenda faces a number of challenges, including traffic congestion, air pollution, and limited access to public transportation for some demographics. The city’s economy is driven by a mix of small-scale and large-scale enterprises, including farms, factories, and markets. Bamenda is also a major center for trade and commerce, with a number of markets and shopping centers. The city’s cultural heritage is rich and diverse, with a number of museums, art galleries, and cultural centers, Bamenda is located in a mountainous region, which can make it difficult to build and maintain roads and highways  (Hummers, 2007). The city’s transportation system is also affected by the rainy season, which can cause flooding and landslides Bamenda has a long history of transportation, dating back to the colonial era. The city was an important hub for trade and commerce during the colonial era, and its transportation system was developed to support this activity. Also the city’s transportation system is managed by the local government, which can make decisions about investment in transportation infrastructure. The city’s transportation system is also influenced by national and international policies, which can affect the flow of goods and people into and out of the city. It’s transportation system is used by people of all ages and backgrounds, and it plays an important role in the daily lives of its residents. It is also influenced by the city’s social and cultural norms, which can affect the way that people use and interact with the transportation system (International Telecommunication Union, 2019). The study of impacts of public transportation mobility means in the city of Bamenda in the context of globalization is therefore crucial for several reasons. Efficient transportation systems are foundational for economic growth, as they facilitate trade, accessibility, and economic returns. By examining how public transportation mobility means  impacts the city of Bamenda, the study can provide insights into optimizing investments that drive national and regional economies. Additionally, transportation plays a key role in connecting marginalized communities to markets, education, and healthcare, making it essential for poverty reduction in the city . Understanding the relationship between mobility means  and poverty alleviation can inform policies aimed at improving living standards in Bamenda. Furthermore, as urbanization accelerates, disparities in transportation access can exacerbate social inequalities, highlighting the need for equitable transportation solutions that serve diverse populations. Investigating how transportation systems can be made more sustainable is imperative in light of increasing concerns about climate change. This study identifies best practices and innovations that minimize environmental impacts while meeting growing transportation demands. Ultimately, the findings can guide policymakers and international organizations in developing effective transportation strategies that address the unique challenges faced by Bamenda and other developing regions, fostering improved infrastructure and services that align with global standards. Overall, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted role of public transportation mobility means and in promoting sustainable economic growth, social equity, and environmental stewardship in the city of Bamenda.

1.1 Statement of the Problem

The city of Bamenda, located in the North West Region of Cameroon, is facing a complex and multifaceted transportation crisis, which is severely impacting the daily lives of its residents. The city’s rapid population growth, lack of adequate infrastructure, and inadequate public transportation system have resulted in a perfect storm of congestion, pollution and accidents, with far-reaching consequences for the economy, environment and quality of life. The narrow and poorly maintained roads in Bamenda are a major contributor to the congestion, with vehicles often traveling at a snail’s pace, resulting in increased travel times, frustration and safety risks. The roads are often plagued by potholes, cracks and other hazards, which can cause vehicles to break down or lose control, leading to accidents and injuries. The limited public transportation system in Bamenda consists of few buses and taxis, which are often overcrowded and poorly maintained. This makes it difficult for residents to access employment, education and other essential services, exacerbating poverty, inequality and social exclusion. Many residents are forced to rely on informal transportation options, such as motorbikes and bicycles, which can be hazardous and increase the risk of accidents. The lack of public transportation also limits access to healthcare, with many residents unable to reach medical facilities in a timely manner, which can have serious consequences for their health and well-being.

The use of old and poorly maintained vehicles seem to  contribute to air pollution, which has negative impacts on the health of residents, particularly those with respiratory problems. The city’s pollution levels are often above safe limits, with high levels of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and other pollutants. This can lead to a range of health problems, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The environmental impacts of pollution are also significant, with the city’s ecosystem suffering from the effects of pollution, including deforestation, soil degradation and loss of biodiversity. The lack of adequate infrastructure and limited public transportation system also increases the risk of accidents, resulting in injuries and fatalities. The city’s emergency services are often overwhelmed, with long response times and inadequate resources, which can exacerbate the consequences of accidents. The economic impacts of accidents are also significant, with lost productivity, damaged property and increased healthcare costs. Therefore, it is essential to address the transportation crisis in Bamenda to provide a safe, efficient and reliable transportation system for its residents and to promote sustainable economic growth, social equity and environmental protection. This requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach that addresses the root causes of the crisis, including the lack of infrastructure, inadequate public transportation and pollution.

1.2 Research Questions

1.2.1 Main Question

What are the effects of public transportation mobility means on the city of Bamenda?

1.2.2 Specific Questions

1. What are the current public transportation mobility means in Bamenda?
2. What are the impacts on the residents of Bamenda?
3. How can the public transportation mobility means be improved to reduce congestion, pollution and accidents in Bamenda ?

1.3 Research Objectives

1.3.1 Main Objective

 To investigate the effects of public transportation mobility means on the city of Bamenda.

1.3.2 Specific Research Objectives

1. To identify the current public transportation mobility means in the city of Bamenda.
2. To assess their impacts on the residents of Bamenda.
3. To propose strategies for improving the public transportation mobility means to reduce pollution congestion and accidents in Bamenda.