CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Malaria continues to pose a significant global health burden, particularly in regions with limited resources and healthcare infrastructure. Despite considerable efforts to combat and control the disease, malaria remains a major public health concern, causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the prevalence of malaria within specific communities is crucial for implementing targeted interventions and developing effective control strategies.

Malaria is the leading cause of death in Africa, and it is transmitted by the Plasmodium species; described as theS most important infectious disease in humans, difficult to control and very widespread (Kimbi et al., 2012). It is said to constitute the greatest public health problem globally (Kimbi et al., 2012).

Of the four common species (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale) that causes malaria, the most serious is P. falciparum, responsible for virtually all deaths, causing fatal disease and as such, is the species targeted in research on anti_malaria drug resistance and attempts to develop a vaccine (Tekeste et al., 2010).

This disease is highly prevalent in tropical regions especially Sub_Saharan Africa (SSA) and the prevalence in Cameroon has been reported to be about 30% (WHO, 2020). The occurrence and transmission of malaria parasite in the tropics is influenced by climatic conditions such as temperature and humidity. Changes in altitudinal gradient and attitude towards the use of insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) are some underlying factors contributing to the heterogeneity of malaria distribution in endemic communities.

Malaria has had a greater impact on world history than any other infectious disease, and among all communicable diseases, it is the world’s second largest killer after tuberculosis and afflicting 5% of the world’s population (Garcia, 2010). More than 500 million people suffer from malaria today over the world, and it is estimated to cause an annual death toll of 2.5 million. In Cameroon, malaria accounts for 40%_45% of medical consultations, 57% of hospitalization days and 40% of mortality among children below 5 years and pregnant mothers (Nsagha et al., 2011). Children are more vulnerable, probably because of their lack of immunity to the disease.

This study aims to investigate the prevalence of malaria among patients at the Tubah district hospital. By assessing the burden of malaria within this area, we seek to identify the risk factors associated with the disease and evaluate the effectiveness of existing prevention and treatment measures. Additionally, this research aims to provide valuable data to inform local health authorities and assist in the development of evidence-based strategies to combat malaria effectively.

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bite of infected anopheles’ mosquitoes, affects millions of people globally, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. The disease’s symptoms range from mild to severe, including fever, chills, headaches, and in severe cases, organ failure and death. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for reducing the disease’s impact and preventing complications.

The prevalence of malaria within a specific community can vary due to several factors, including geographical location, climate, socioeconomic conditions and access to healthcare services. By conducting a comprehensive study, we aim to shed light on the local burden of malaria and identify the factors contributing to its transmission and persistence within the community.

Malaria is a major global health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Understanding the prevalence of malaria among patients help public health officials and policymakers develop effective strategies for prevention, control and treatment of the disease.

Monitoring the prevalence of malaria among patients allows health authorities to track the burden of the disease in different geographic areas and populations. This data can help identify high risk areas and populations, enabling targeted interventions and resource allocation to those who need it the most.

Accurate information on malaria prevalence among patients is crucial for healthcare providers to appropriately diagnose and treat individuals. Different regions may have varying levels of drug resistance, and understanding the prevalence of different malaria species can guide the choice of anti-malarial medications and treatment protocols.

Malaria disproportionately affects vulnerable populations such as children under 5 years old, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Studying the prevalence of malaria among patients helps identify these high-risk groups and tailor interventions to protect their health and well-being.

Investigating the prevalence of malaria among patients contributes to the scientific knowledge base surrounding the disease. It allows researchers to study factors influencing transmission, drug resistance, and the effectiveness of preventive measures. This knowledge can drive innovation in diagnostics, treatment, and vaccine development, leading to improved strategies for malaria control and elimination.

Malaria has significant economic impacts on affected communities and countries. It can lead to decreased productivity, increased healthcare costs, and reduced economic development. Understanding the prevalence of malaria among patients helps policymakers assess the economic burden of the disease and make informed decisions regarding resource allocation and investment in prevention and control measures.

1.2 Justification of study

• Base on the fact that malaria is a common disease affecting millions of people worldwide, studying it prevalence among patients is very essential in public health management and prevention, which can aid in the development of effective interventions, guidelines and policies to reduce the infection on individuals.

1.3 Research questions.

• What is the current prevalence of malaria among patients in Tubah district hospital?
• Are there any differences in malaria prevalence among patients based on gender?
• How does the prevalence of malaria vary across different age groups of patients?

1.4 Objectives of the study.

1.4.1 Overall objective of the study.

– To determine the prevalence of malaria among patients at the Tubah district hospital.

1.4.2 Other objectives of the study. 

• To assess the prevalence of malaria in the study area
• To assess the prevalence of malaria in relation to age group
• To determine the prevalence of malaria in relation to gender.