ABSTRACT

Chemotherapy is a term use in the 21^st century to describe the treatment or the inhibition of abnormal cells or the growth of an infectious agent in the system of an organism. These infectious agent might be benign or malignant tumors or a microbe like a bacteria or virus.                     To investigate the effects of these cyclophosphamide and imidacloprid when combined on blood glucose level of an organism precisely male albino rats is the aim and the base line of this study or research program. The animals where kept for two weeks for acclamatisation, base  line information collected like weight ranging from 150g to 200g. these animals were divided into four groups  treated as follows, group one (Distilled water10mg/kg/bwt), group two (CP 5mg/kg/bwt), group three (CP5mg/kg/bwt)+ iron 70(16.1mg/kg/dl), group four iron70(16.1mg/kg/bwt) , each group containing four animal. Treatment was done for 21days, after which their oral blood glucose were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90,120 and 240 minutes. It was found that a part of group one all other groups had a rise in glucose level, this rise is as a results of the treatment that each group had received which has actually affected that their glucose regulatory mechanism. As a result these combined or individual chemicals should be apply with appropriate prescription by a qualify medical personnel and a continuous follow up.

KEY WORDS; cyclophosphamide, imidacloprid, diabetes, TH1 (T-helper cells)

CHAPTER ONE

 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

There is a serious and dilapidating consequences of chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide, this agents was discovered since early 1950s by two scientist from the United States of America precisely Godman and Gulman during the Second World War. This chemical was discovered to treat cancerous cells such as leukemic cells (Yasuda H et al 2021) lymphomas and others (P Nygreen et al 2001). But the central dogma is that each drug has site effects which can be handle (sub clinical manifestation express by a patients as a result of administration of a drug). In this case cyclophosphamide is not excluded as far as pharmacology is concern, affecting brush intestinal enzymes such as carboxyl peptidase and other different enzyme of the body, it can also induce autoimmune diabetes response by the suppressor of T-cells and increase pro -inflammatory T helper type 1 in animal models (LH Frasier et al 1991) .In humans this association is not clear due to the presence of the risk factors for hyperglycemia , but it could be the precipitant for acute complications

IN the other hand, pesticides are chemicals that are widely used in agricultural fields and at home in the complete eradication of unwanted pest around the farms and house respectively, (Akash Sabarwal et al 2018). As such too much application of these chemicals in the environment leads to the generation of toxic effects (Mortafalou S et al 2023), loss of appetite and genetic diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and many others. (Kwok et al 2000)

Imidacloprid is not excluded in this domain of classes of pesticides, precisely an insecticide which affects both rodents and insects, in rodents it affects catecholamine and the beta cells of the pancreas (Samah et al 2017).