ABSTRACT

Non-governmental organizations have contributed to good governance in Buea but in a way have been destabilizes by many factors like corruption, limited resources for implementation of government and NGO,s programmes ,for promoting good governance, such problems have hindered NGO,s to attain good governance but measures can be put in place to remedy the situation. The objective of the study is to find out the role NGO,s play in the promotion of good governance in Buea local communities, with a targeted population of 100 people of which a random sampling technique was used to accomplish this , equally a sample size of 100 people using questionnaires to carry out research using both descriptive and inferential data analysis with of course a mechanical processing of data .And my findings were based on how to find out the role NGO,s play in the promotion of good governance in Buea local communities, Also to find out ways NGO,s could use to promote good governance in local communities Buea ,and lastly to establish difficulties they face in the role NGO,s play in the promotion of good governance in the local communities of Buea.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1. INTRODUCTION

Non -governmental organizations are now recognise as the key third sector actors on the land spaces of development, human rights, humanitarian action, Environment and many other areas of public actions and promoting good governance from post -2004 tsunamis reconstruction effects Indonesia, India, Thailand, and Sri Lankan, to the 2005 poverty, History campaign for aid and trade reform and developing country debt cancellation. As these two examples illustrate, NGOs are best known for two different. But often interrelated types of an activity. The delivery of services to people in need and organization of policy advocacy and public campaign in pursuit of social transformation. NGOs are also a active in a wide range of other specialized roles such as Democracy building , conflict resolutions ,human right work , cultural preservation , environmental activism ,policy analysis , research ,and information provision .This chapter mainly confines itself to a discussion of NGO,s In the international development context ,but much of its argument also applied to NGO,s more widely .
More so, we can’t move ahead without giving an introduction of the term “Good Governance”. Recently the terms governance and good governance are being increasingly regarded as used in development of literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root cause of all evil within our societies. Major donors and international financial institutions are increasingly basing their loans on the condition that reforms that ensure good governance are undertaken .This seeks to explain distinctly what governance and good governance mean
In continuation, .The concept Governance is not new .It is an old human civilization, simply put” Governance” means the process of decision by which the decisions are implemented or not implemented. Governance can be used in several context such as cooperate governance, international governance, national governance, local governance. Equally Government is one of the actors of governance, other actors involved in governance vary depending on the level of the government that is under discussion .In rural areas for example other actors may include influential landlords, association of present farmers, cooperatives, NGOs research institutes , religious leaders ,finance institutions , religious leaders , finance institute political parties ,the military etc. The situation in urban areas is such more complex.FIgure1. Provides the interconnection between actors involved in urban governance. At the national level, that is to say in addition to the ahbore actors ,media lobbyist, international donors ,multinational co-operation etc may play a role in decision making or in , influencing decision making process.
In the same line Good governance has diverse definition. According to the United Nations development programme good governance refers to governing systems which are capable, responsive, inclusive, and transparent. All countries developed and developing, need to work continuously towards better governance and to the UNDP Good or Democratic governance, entails meaningful and inductive political participation, improving governance should include more people. Having more of a say in the decision s which shapes live. Remarkd given by (HELEN Clark’s) administrator of the UNDP, at the fourth United. Nations conference on the least developed countries high level of interactive Thematic Debate on good governance at all levels (instanbull, 11 may 2011).
Again, on this very definition of Good governance the United Nations stipulated that ,In the community of Nations , governance is considered good and democratic to the degree in which a country’s institution and process are transparent .It’s institution refer to such bodies as parliament and it’s various countries. In processes include such key activities as elections and legal procedures which must be seen to be free of corruption and accountable to the people. A country’s success in achieving this standard has become a key measure of it credibility and respect in the world. Equally good governance promotes equity, participation, pluralism, transparency, accountability, and the rule of law, in a manner that is effective, efficient and enduring in translating these elections. Representatives , legislatures that make laws and provides oversight and an independent judiciary to interpreted those laws .But the UN equally says the highest threat to good governance came from corruption, violence ,and poverty all of which undermine transparency , security , participation and fundamental freedoms .From the above analysis, we could conclude or say that NGOs need efficient factors which could help in attaining, if not a complete promoting of good governance, but could be well weapon to achieve good governance.
1.2. BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

To begin with, officials United States and European documents between 1900 and 1945 were used to investigate the first appearance of the term Non-governmental organization. This term was found for the first time in a United States official document in 1942, pamphlet Number 3 in the series, Education and National defense published by the Federal security Agency of the United State office of Education, under the title NGOs source of information on nation defense. Pamphlet 2 of the same series surveyed government sources of information. According to the investigation ,these documents appear to represent the first time ,that official us publications make the terminology distinction between governmental and non-governmental organization although no technical definition of the latter was included in the discussion . More so in the foreword of the 3rd pamphlet John W, Stude Baker records that, it is also interesting to note that in 1942, a distinction between non-government and nonprofit agencies was developed .The United Nations was as the first institution to establish an official use of the term NGO. The United Nations was created in 1945 with the basic objective of keeping peace and promoting good relations between Nations with the objective of achieving its aims more easily. The un subsequently saw need to establish lines of communication with organization which are not part of government through the Economic and Social council (ECOSOC) one of the six principal , operational decisions of the UN .This need was expressed in the Article 71 of the UN charter and statute of international court of justice signed June 26 ,1945.
In addition to these ,the Economic and social council may make suitable arrangements for consultation with NOW _ governmental organization which are concerned with matters within it’s competent (UN 1996).one year earlier, on (October 7 1944) in Dumbarton oaks ,was the site of the conversations conducted by representatives of the United States ,CHINA , Great Britain and the Soviet union that resulted to the Dumbarton oaks proposal, These proposal was on the basis of the charter of the UN.More so ,The 11 February 1945 president Roosevelt, prime minister Churchill and premier Joseph Stalin in Yalta conference declared their resolve veto establish a general international organization to maintain peace and security.
The new attention given to NGOs at this time brought large quantities of aid resources, efforts at building the capacity of NGOs to scale up their work, and led ultimately to important changes in mainstream development thinking and practice, including new ideas about participation, empowerment, gender, and a range of people- centered approaches to poverty reduction work. For example, Cernea (1988: 8) argued that NGOs embodied a philosophy that recognizes the centrality of people in development policies,’’ and that this along with some other factors gave them ‘‘comparative advantages’’ over government. But too much was expected of NGOs, which came to be seen in some quarters as a ‘‘quick fix’’ for development problem had led to a backlash against NGOs by the end of the 1990s, when the evidence began to suggest that NGOs had only partially lived up to these unrealistically high expectations. A global shift also took place among development donors towards new ways of working with developing country governments, using mechanisms such as ‘‘budget support’’ and ‘‘sector-wide approaches’’ (Lewis, 2007).
To continue, Yet NGOs have a far longer history than this recent resurgence and retreat suggests. Many of the world’s best- known NGOs predate the emergence of the development industry. Save the Children Fund (SCF) was founded by Eglantyne Jebb in 1919 after the trauma of the First World War. Oxfam, which was originally known as the Oxford Committee against the Famine, was established in 1942 in order to provide famine relief to victims of the Greek Civil War. CARE began its life sending US food packages to Europe in 1946 after the Second World War.
In The same line, NGOs had been active at the international level since the eighteenth century in Western countries, when national level issue-based organizations focused on the abolition of the slave trade and movements for peace. By the start of the twentieth century, there were NGOs associations promoting their identities and agen-das at national and international levels. For example, at the World Congress of International Associations in 1910, there were 132 international associations represented dealing with issues as varied as transportation, intellectual property rights, narcotics control, public health issues agriculture and the protection of nature, and Nongovernmental Organizations, Definition and History 
In other wards there is a necessity to understand the roots of governance for deepened understanding .The term Governance, find its roots in various languages. The Greek word ‘kubernan’ which means to steer, the Latin word ‘gubernare’ which means to steer or rule, the French word ‘governer’… all led to the finalization of the word ‘govern’ in Middle English which means ‘to control, influence, or regulate (a person, action, or course of events)’ or ‘to conduct the policy, actions, and affairs (of a state, organization, or people) with authority’. The true context of Governance has always been in the act of governing and being governed – more importantly in the act of entrusting a few individuals to create laws, set order and define conduct for the remaining masses. Each form of Government has been founded, structured, pillared and built strong on the concoction of laws and it’s their enforcement.
If ancient India is to be revisited, the role of Guru, Mantri and Sachiv in any kingdom has been inclusive of their duties to time and again remind the ruler of the land as regards his legal responsibilities and to guide him towards the creation of more laws and their effective enforcement – all with the intent of strengthening the Governance framework It is for this very reason and aspect that the nation has remembered and differentiated the rules of various kings, based on their Governance Styles. What is even more fascinating is the fact that the Rajgurus, Sachivs and Mahamantris of these Rulers have been accorded equal respect for their wise counsel and guidance.
If the entire course of time is to be seen as a series of events and actions, the Indian scenario has been the one to witness the culture of ‘Yug’ as a measurement of time and as a medium to study the changes in ethos, morals and values over the different spans of time.
Good Governance in the Indian scenario has been more of a legacy than a concept. A tradition that has been considered to be of supreme significance so as to be taken forward with immense respect and gratitude towards those from whom it has been passed forward. The age old concept of ‘Ram Rajya’, comprising the ideology of Lord Ram to preach, promote, profess and practice transparency and accountability in decision making is what the modern day governance experts look for in any entity, organization or nation. As a country preparing itself to be the next global super power, as a nation standing on the cusp of glory towards taking a quantum leap into the future, as a unified persona portraying selfreliance and resilience, and thus good governance has certain criteria like Accountability , Efficiency and Effectiveness just to name a few.
1.3) Conceptual perspective

Some scholars have pointed out that even though there is a lot of discussion about NGOs and Not -for – profit organization, there are currently very few signs of any clear conceptual literature and agreement on what these organization are and how they should be defined .In a nutshell, in most cases, the theoretical conceptions that are used to conceptualise these organization are not well developed. This is because the conception are based on questionable assumption about the difference between the public and private sectors and sometimes between the public , private and Third sector (Anheien 1990 ,kitten 1990,Smillie 1993 ,1998).The basic assumption is that when we are talking about developmental organization which on the one hand are not governmental, meaning they are not “Traditional government agencies and which on the other hand are not private ,profit seeking corporation (Hossain and Myllylla 1998).
Therefore ,from this perspective, Non-government and Not_ for _ profit organization are conceptualized not by what they are but by what they are not.(Anheier 1990).This is because for must scholar’s these organization are somehow distinct due to the fact that they lie between conventional governmental agencies and profit seeking corporations, The main problem that can be seen with this description is that ,this category of organization is by definition very broad because besides voluntary grassroots organization, which are often understood bad some sort of “traditional” NGO,s ,they may include organizations such as International humanitarian organization, cooperative help organization ,various types of membership association and sometimes organization like churches ,labour union , political parties ,private nonprofit schools , hospitals and religious sects when the descriptors ,NOW_ governmental ” private voluntary and NOW – profit are examined .And the word NGO was formally first mentioned in before it went worldwide for general usage .
1.4) Theoretical perspective.

This section reviews the Theory of change used by organization like NGOs, companies duty focus is on NGOs usage of this theory. This theory seeks to explain the relationship among people and how they could bring about change in their organization.
Theory of Change (ToC) is a methodology or a criterion for planning, participation, adaptive management, and evaluation that is used in companies, philanthropy, NGOs notfor-profit, international development, research, and government sectors to promote social change. Theory of Change defines long-term goals and then maps backward to identify necessary preconditions.
People developing their Theory of Change in a workshop
Theory of Change explains the process of change by outlining causal linkages in an initiative, i.e., its shorter-term, intermediate, and longer-term outcomes. The identified changes are mapped – as the “outcomes pathway” – showing each outcome in logical relationship to all the others, as well as chronological flow and feedback loops. The links between outcomes are explained by “rationales” or statements of why one outcome is thought to be a prerequisite for another. [2]
The innovation of Theory of Change lies (1) in making the distinction between desired and actual outcomes and (2) in requiring stakeholders to model their desired outcomes before they decide on forms of intervention to achieve those outcomes.
Theory of Change can begin at any stage of an initiative, depending on the intended use. A Theory of Change developed at the outset is best at informing the planning of an initiative. Having worked out a change model, practitioners can make more informed decisions about strategy and tactics. As monitoring and evaluation data become available, stakeholders can periodically refine the Theory of Change as the evidence indicates. A Theory of Change can be developed retrospectively by reading program documents, talking to stakeholders, and analyzing data. This is often done during evaluations reflecting what has worked or not in order to understand the past and plan for the future. And to emphasize on these theory bring about tremendous change to organization.. Even if not though, it makes a lot of sense to develop one for your organization or for your project. Here are some reasons why a theory of change can be very helpful in planning and organizing NGOs.
It forces you to get real
Sometimes the work of NGOs is more driven by the hope of changing something than by the intention to achieve specific and predefined objectives. Developing a theory of change forces your organization to formulate realistic and measurable targets instead of castles in the air. While dreaming big can be good for morale in the organization, the place for this would be the mission statement. In the theory of change, you really need to get down to the nitty gritty of things.
It forces you to reevaluate your strategy
A theory of change formulates what an organization wants to achieve and goes backwards from these results to identify strategies, activities and measures to achieve these results. If done correctly, an organization will have to reevaluate their past strategies to see if they are still the best to achieve new objectives– and most probably they will not be. Changes and adjustments can be made, leading to a more streamlined operation. Instead of just repeating what always has been done, new elements will be introduced
It makes you test your assumptions
When developing a theory of change you have to formulate the assumptions that lead you to a specific strategy to achieve your goal. If you are doing it right, you will corroborate your assumptions with external information like studies, articles and interviews and also take external factors into account. This way, you make sure that your assumptions are true and thus will lead to a successful strategy.
It helps you with the evaluation A good theory of change is measurable. You will choose indicators and milestones that are easily measurable and thus you can test your theory of change along the way and in the end. By measuring your theory of change, you measure the success of your project or your entire organization – you are evaluating. The results will be very helpful in reporting to your donors and stakeholders and for planning future activities.
P. Brest (2010). “The Power of Theories of Change”. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring. H. Clark & D. Taplin (2012). Theory of Change Basics: A Primer on Theory of Change (PDF).NewYork: Acknowledge.
1.5) Statement of the problem

Non-Governmental Organizations are present today in almost every continent, countries and district. In Buea ,NGO,S have contributed in the promotion good governance but in a way has been destabilized by many factors such as corruption, unemployment, weak government policies, poor infrastructure, un political environment, environmental hazards, limited resources for implementation of both government and NGO programmes for the promoting of good governance. However, such problems have hindered NGOS to fully achieve these good governance.. Therefore there is a need to put up measures to curb to those challenges so as to ease the promotion of good governance ,hence this has made my topic of research study to assess the role of NGOS I’m the promoting of good governance .
1.5.2) Objectives of the study General objective
The major objective of the study is to find out the role of NGO,s in the promotion of good governance in local community in Buea.
Specific objectives
(i) To find out the role of NGOs in the promotion of good governance in local communities in Buea.
(ii) To find out the ways NGO,s could use to promote good governance in local communities in Buea in local communities.(iii) To establish difficulties they face in the role NGOs play in the promotion of good governance in local communities in Buea.
. 1.6) Research Questions

(i) What is the role of NGOs in the promotion of good governance in local communities in Buea?
(ii) What are the challenges faced by NGOs’ in the promotion of good governance in local communities in Buea. (iii) What are the ways of improving the performance of NGOs in the promotion of good governance?